Caring for a Client with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Airborne Precautions
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Active pulmonary TB is characterized by the presence of bacteria in the sputum and the ability to transmit the disease to others.
When caring for a client with active pulmonary TB, airborne precautions are essential to prevent the spread of the infection. These precautions aim to minimize the risk of transmission through tiny droplets containing the bacteria that are expelled when the infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or sings.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of airborne precautions for a client with active pulmonary TB:
1. Private Room with Negative Air Pressure
- The client should be isolated in a private room with negative air pressure.
- This means that air is drawn into the room, preventing contaminated air from escaping into the hallway.
- The room should have a dedicated exhaust system that vents directly to the outside.
2. Respiratory Protection
- Healthcare workers must wear a respirator when entering the client's room.
- N95 respirators are the most commonly used type for airborne precautions.
- These respirators filter out small particles, including the bacteria that cause TB.
3. Client Education and Respiratory Hygiene
- Educate the client on the importance of covering their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing with a tissue or their elbow.
- Teach the client proper hand hygiene techniques and emphasize frequent hand washing, especially after coughing or sneezing.
- Ensure the client understands the importance of completing the full course of prescribed medication to prevent drug-resistant TB.
4. Environmental Controls
- Dispose of contaminated materials, such as tissues and sputum cups, carefully in biohazard waste containers.
- Clean and disinfect the client's room regularly using EPA-registered disinfectants effective against TB.
5. Monitoring and Evaluation
- Monitor the client's respiratory status closely.
- Regularly assess the client's symptoms and response to treatment.
- Collaborate with the infection control team to ensure adherence to precautions and identify any potential breaches.
Additional Considerations
- Consult with the infection control team to determine the duration of airborne precautions, which typically extends until the client's sputum cultures are negative.
- Use a surgical mask on the client when they must leave the room for procedures or other reasons.
- Avoid unnecessary contact with the client.
- Ensure visitors wear a mask while in the client's room.
Strict adherence to airborne precautions is crucial to prevent the spread of TB and protect healthcare workers, other clients, and the community.
Remember: Always refer to your institution's specific policies and procedures for managing airborne precautions for clients with active TB.
