Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also spread to other organs. Pulmonary TB, which affects the lungs, is the most common form of the disease.
Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary TB
The clinical manifestations of pulmonary TB can vary depending on the severity and stage of the disease. However, some common symptoms include:
- Cough: A persistent cough, often producing sputum (mucus), is a hallmark symptom of pulmonary TB. The cough may be dry or productive, and may be accompanied by blood.
- Fever: Low-grade fever, especially in the afternoon or evening, is another common symptom.
- Night sweats: Excessive sweating at night, often soaking the bedclothes.
- Fatigue: A feeling of tiredness and weakness that is not relieved by rest.
- Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss is common in patients with active TB.
- Chest pain: Pain in the chest, especially during breathing.
- Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during exertion.
- Wheezing: A whistling sound when breathing.
Complications of Pulmonary TB
Left untreated, pulmonary TB can lead to serious complications, including:
- Miliary TB: This is a form of TB where the bacteria spread to many organs, including the brain, liver, spleen, and kidneys. It can be life-threatening.
- Tuberculous Meningitis: This is an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can cause neurological damage, including seizures, paralysis, and coma.
- Tuberculous Pleuritis: This is an inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and fever.
- Tuberculous Pericarditis: This is an inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart. It can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and irregular heartbeat.
- Cavitary TB: This is a form of TB where the bacteria create cavities in the lungs. This can lead to lung collapse, blood clots, and pneumonia.
- Drug-resistant TB: This is a form of TB that is resistant to one or more TB drugs. It is more difficult to treat and can lead to serious complications.
Note: These are just some of the possible complications of pulmonary TB. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing serious complications.
