Sign and Symptoms of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, known as pulmonary TB. However, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body, resulting in extrapulmonary TB. This form of TB can affect various organs, leading to a range of symptoms depending on the affected area.
Here's a breakdown of the signs and symptoms of extrapulmonary TB based on the affected organ:
1. Lymph Nodes (Lymphadenitis)
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin
- Painless lumps that may feel hard and rubbery
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
2. Meninges (Tuberculous Meningitis)
- Headache
- Fever
- Stiff neck
- Confusion
- Seizures
- Vomiting
- Loss of consciousness
3. Bones and Joints (Skeletal TB)
- Pain in the affected bone or joint
- Swelling
- Stiffness
- Deformity
- Fever
- Weight loss
4. Genitourinary System (Genitourinary TB)
- Painful urination
- Blood in the urine
- Frequent urination
- Lower back pain
- Infertility
- Abdominal pain
5. Peritoneum (Tuberculous Peritonitis)
- Abdominal pain
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen)
6. Pleura (Pleural TB)
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Fever
- Cough
- Pleural effusion (fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and chest wall)
7. Skin (Cutaneous TB)
- Skin lesions that may be:
- Scrofuloderma: Soft, painless lumps
- Lupus vulgaris: Reddish-brown patches with a scaly surface
- Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis: Warty growths
8. Eyes (Ocular TB)
- Blurred vision
- Eye pain
- Redness
- Swelling
- Sensitivity to light
9. Other Organs
- Heart (Cardiac TB)
- Liver (Hepatic TB)
- Brain (Cerebral TB)
- Gastrointestinal tract (Gastrointestinal TB)
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing extrapulmonary TB involves various tests, including:
- Physical examination
- Imaging tests (X-ray, CT scan, MRI)
- Blood tests
- Sputum culture
- Biopsy
Treatment for extrapulmonary TB typically involves a combination of anti-tuberculosis medications taken for several months. The duration and specific regimen depend on the affected organ and the individual's health condition.
Prevention
- Vaccination: The BCG vaccine can help prevent TB in children.
- Avoid contact with infected individuals.
- Maintain good hygiene practices.
- Get tested for TB.
When to See a Doctor
If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above, especially if you have been in contact with someone with TB, it's essential to see a doctor immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the outcome of the infection.
