Signs and Symptoms of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, known as pulmonary TB. However, the bacteria responsible for TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can spread to other parts of the body, leading to extrapulmonary TB. This type of TB can affect various organs and systems, manifesting in a wide range of signs and symptoms.
Common Symptoms
While symptoms may vary depending on the affected organ, some general signs and symptoms of extrapulmonary TB include:
- Fever: A persistent low-grade fever, particularly in the afternoon or evening.
- Night Sweats: Excessive sweating during sleep, often accompanied by chills.
- Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss, even with a normal appetite.
- Fatigue: Persistent fatigue and weakness.
- Loss of Appetite: Diminished desire to eat.
Organ-Specific Symptoms
1. Lymphatic System:
- Lymphadenitis: Swollen lymph nodes, often in the neck, armpit, or groin.
- Scrofula: Chronic swelling in the lymph nodes of the neck.
2. Central Nervous System:
- Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This can cause severe headaches, stiff neck, fever, and confusion.
- Tuberculoma: A localized mass in the brain, often causing seizures, paralysis, or other neurological symptoms.
3. Skeletal System:
- Spinal TB (Pott's disease): Infection of the vertebrae, causing back pain, stiffness, and deformities.
- Osteomyelitis: Infection of the bone, causing pain, swelling, and redness.
4. Genitourinary System:
- Renal TB: Infection of the kidneys, leading to frequent urination, blood in urine, and pain in the back or flank.
- Genital TB: Infection of the reproductive organs, causing pain, discharge, and infertility.
5. Gastrointestinal System:
- Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdomen. This can cause abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness.
- Tuberculous Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestines, leading to diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
6. Skin:
- Lupus vulgaris: A chronic skin infection characterized by red, scaly plaques, usually on the face, neck, or hands.
7. Eyes:
- Tuberculous uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, causing blurred vision, pain, and light sensitivity.
8. Heart:
- Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. This can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and fever.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing extrapulmonary TB can be challenging as symptoms can be nonspecific. A combination of diagnostic tests is often necessary, including:
- Physical examination: To assess for specific signs and symptoms.
- Blood tests: To detect TB antibodies or specific proteins.
- Sputum culture: To identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in respiratory secretions.
- Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI to visualize affected organs.
- Biopsy: To obtain tissue samples for microscopic examination and culture.
Treatment for extrapulmonary TB typically involves a combination of antibiotics for an extended period, usually 6-12 months. The specific treatment regimen depends on the severity of the infection, the affected organ, and the patient's overall health.
Conclusion
Extrapulmonary TB can affect various organs and systems, causing a wide range of symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent serious complications and ensure a successful outcome. If you suspect you may have extrapulmonary TB, it is important to see a healthcare professional for prompt evaluation and appropriate care.
