Types of Tuberculosis: Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This infection primarily affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body, leading to extrapulmonary TB.
Pulmonary TB
Pulmonary TB is the most common form of TB, accounting for approximately 85% of all cases. In this type, the bacteria primarily infect the lungs, causing inflammation and damage to the lung tissue. This can lead to various symptoms, including:
- Coughing (often with phlegm or blood)
- Chest pain
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Loss of appetite
Pulmonary TB can be further classified based on the severity and progression of the disease:
- Latent TB infection: The bacteria are present in the body, but they are not active and do not cause symptoms.
- Active TB: The bacteria are active and multiplying, causing symptoms and potentially spreading to others.
Extrapulmonary TB
Extrapulmonary TB occurs when the bacteria spread from the lungs to other parts of the body, such as:
- Lymph nodes (lymphadenitis)
- Brain and meninges (meningitis)
- Kidneys (renal TB)
- Bones and joints (skeletal TB)
- Pleura (pleural TB)
- Pericardium (pericarditis)
- Genitourinary tract
- Skin
Extrapulmonary TB symptoms vary depending on the affected organ. For example, meningeal TB may cause headache, fever, stiff neck, and seizures, while skeletal TB can lead to pain, swelling, and deformity in the affected bones.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis of TB typically involves:
- Chest X-ray
- Sputum culture
- Tuberculin skin test (TST)
- Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)
Treatment for TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months. The specific medications and duration of treatment depend on the type of TB, the severity of the infection, and the patient's overall health.
Prevention
The most effective way to prevent TB is through the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is given to children in many countries. Other preventive measures include:
- Avoiding contact with infected individuals
- Practicing good hygiene
- Getting tested for TB if you have been exposed
- Completing the entire course of treatment if you are diagnosed with TB
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing the spread of TB and improving patient outcomes. If you have any concerns about TB, consult with a healthcare professional.
